him in person. He is like a computer to me." There are obviously multiple factors, including biology, shared socio-economic/religious backgrounds and circumstances of meeting, that affect the success or failure of given match-ups.

ScientificMatch.com, a site that launched in the Boston, Mass./Providence, Rhode Island area of the U.S. in late 2007 is updating the 'spark factor' for the biotech era, by connecting members who have sexually compatible DNA. For a lifetime membership fee of $1995.95 (approximately 1300 Euro) singles receive a DNA collection kit in the post containing a cotton swab with which to collect genetic material from inside their mouths and mail back for lab testing. The DNA sample-labeled with a customer number to protect privacy-is analyzed by a separate lab with the intent of pairing people up who have dissimilar immune systems.

This phenomenon tends to produce extreme sexual attraction, heightened orgasm in women, a greater chance of healthy offspring and a passionate penchant for each other's 'smell.' So, is chemistry then predetermined by Nature? ScientificMatch seems to believe that's at least partially true. The rest of the process involves free will. Once the data has been processed, a member's DNA matches appear on his or her page along with their profiles. It is then up to the seeker to choose (from this elite pool of applicants) which individuals also match his or her interests and lifestyle.

"Some say it's too clinical and removes the mystery, says ScientificMatch.com's founder Eric Holzle, "I don't think it takes the romance out of it at all. It only adds to it. Physical chemistry is only a piece of the overall matchmaking puzzle." Holzle came up with the idea for the visionary site one night when he saw a documentary on television about the so-called 'sweaty t-shirt experiment.' In this groundbreaking and famous (amongst 'love scientists') study, women were made to sniff t-shirts worn extensively by a group of male students and to rate their attraction to each scent. It turned out that the women were drawn to smells of the men whose immune systems were genetically very different from their own.

But it might still be a stretch to deduce conclusively from this type of data that opposites
attract. The 'same versus opposite' debate seems in fact central to love theorists' ongoing dialogue. Parship.com, which boasts being one of the biggest online dating services in Germany and Europe, is attempting to bring a sense of integration to the argument. Its 'Parship Principle' is bolstered by "a balanced mixture of shared and contrasting characteristics." With sites in 14 European countries including The Netherlands, Spain, Ireland and Sweden, Parship claimed a success rate of 38% in its premium members last year. The concept involves some research on nonverbal communication, Gestalt psychology and analytical psychology. Its maestro, Dr. Hugo Schmale, a professor with 30 years of related research at the University of Hamburg under his belt, has crafted his findings into the service's underlying methodology.

Parship's initial questionnaire contains some of the usual explorations of leisure interests, social behaviors and such. But at certain points of the survey, one imagines oneself lying on a sofa while a bald bearded man commands, 'So tell me about your mother.' Geometrical illustrations are displayed on-screen side-by-side and the dating site member is asked to select his or her favorite. Strange, dreamy images reminiscent of the surrealist work of Luis Bu?uel and Salvador Dali appear on-screen, and would-be members are asked to title them. Once registrants have noted their personal preferences as well, they receive a number of matches ranked by percentage of accuracy. Dr. Schmale points out that the system's own fine-tuning is as much about the right combination of personality traits as it is about "the ever-changing socio-psychological states concerning what people expect in partnership." So, as humans evolve and adapt, ideally, so does the system.

The science of love, though eons old, is clearly becoming increasingly fascinating and poignant to people in the Tech Era. "The ultimate dream in this field is to be able to predict who will fall in love with who," says ScientificMatch.com's Holzle, "We're just hitting the tip of the ice burg." For Chemistry.com's Dr. Fisher a broader understanding of love's multi-faceted mosaic is needed: "The cultural component is enormous. You can have someone who's biologically perfect for you but you're interested in playing Beethoven and they're interested in riding their motorcycle." She adds, "And then 'timing' is neither biology nor culture. They all play a role."

At the end of the day, despite each service's steadfast belief that theirs holds the correct love methodology, it isn't just about genes, algorithms, statistics and charts. Paiq.nl's van Vliegen admonishes: "We don't recommend that people base the rest of their lives on just what our neural network says." There is of course that human touch: "Instead we very much encourage people to find out for themselves and interact with each other." And free will is something we humans may never evolve past.
Today, private research and development-in the form of biological studies, behavioral psychology, computer science models and DNA analysis-is shedding light on love, and ultimately matching people via the Internet. It may seem distant from the 'coup du foudre' or 'courtly love' of previous eras. But, in the DSL-speed 21st century, who has time to waste on chancing chemistry, when that magical 'click' could be just a 'click' away?

With singles dominating the single-digit era around much of the Western world, it's no wonder love connections are on people's minds-both on a cultural and a business level. In one study, Het Centraal Bureau de Statistiek in The Netherlands ascertained that the 2003 figure of 7 million unmarried people will grow to nearly 10 million by 2050. In 2006, the United States Census Bureau released the then-shocking news that in the Millennium, unmarried households in the U.S. had become the new majority (a 26% increase over 35 years). The prospect of a demographic with such growth potential has competitive online dating services scrambling to come up with the magic scientific formula (or in most cases 'form' or questionnaire) for a love match.

Enschede-based dating site Paiq.nl, is taking the term 'love machine' to literal levels, as its smart computing system plays matchmaker. Company co-founder Jelmer Feenster did his Master's thesis on artificial intelligence using neural networks. He put his studies into practice when he joined forces with another former computer science student at De Universiteit Twente, co-founder Frank van Vliegen, and launched the site locally in 2005. Paiq has since expanded its scope to service all of The Netherlands and parts of Belgium. "We are basing your matching on the experience the system has gained from hundreds of thousands of earlier matches," says Feenstra, adding, "That includes persons with characteristics similar to yours." The system is not unlike Amazon.com's, for instance; user feedback is integral to the process.

New members of the Paiq community fill out a questionnaire that includes visual references and preferences. Unlike many other dating sites, there are no profiles to be sorted through. Based on questionnaire choices, the system selects who will connect with whom. Think of it as Hal 9000 for the online dating set. Paiq is also not the usual aesthetically-driven matching site. Photographs of prospective partners are initially obscured or blurry and gradually become sharper and clearer as singles take the necessary steps to get to know each other through contact. "Apart from the neural network becoming smarter and smarter, we ourselves are actually also getting smarter and constantly improving the site," says van Vliegen who has benefited personally from such enhancements. He met his current girlfriend of one year on Paiq. When asked if-while going through the online dating process-he had to "kiss a lot of frogs," he jokes, "No, but I had my share of blurry girls."

Renowned American biological anthropologist Dr. Helen E. Fisher however feels that when it comes to the (scientific) dating game, "Looks count. A face is more than just a face. It's a face that's telling you a lot about a person's biology." She explains that, "you advertise with your face the degree of Testosterone and Estrogen you have," for example. The aforementioned body-generated chemicals, along with Dopamine and Serotonin are among the chief four ingredients that Fisher has identified in her research as being activated by the process of romantic and sexual attraction in men and women.

Beyond her own independent studies and books (such as "Why We Love: The Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love"), she has sculpted her findings into a comprehensive online questionnaire and system. The result is Chemistry.com, a U.S. based dating site launched by the same people behind the popular Match.com. The general premise is that one person would be attracted to another because they have different chemical profiles. For example, someone who is Testosterone and Dopamine dominant (what Fisher would dub a Director/Explorer type) might be drawn to someone who is Estrogen dominant (which Fisher calls the Negotiator type).

The Chemistry.com survey not only asks prospective mates situation-specific and personality-based questions, but also attempts to hypothesize remotely on one's chemical makeup by asking physiologically-pointed questions. For example, the fourth finger of one's right hand being longer than the second finger means one likely had a good degree of Testosterone washing over the brain in the mother's womb. An equal second and fourth finger is an indicator of more Estrogen. Fisher, who has been known to describe love as similar to addiction, due to such natural chemical cocktails, adds that, "Romantic love is associated with Dopamine, a natural stimulant; it's the same as when you feel the rush of cocaine."

Jennifer Quinn, 40, a Los Angeles resident who tried the service marvels: "Chemistry.com actually coincidentally matched me up with someone I already knew," adding, "I'm physically attracted to him, but I have no chemical attraction towards
Science of Love image
Science of Love image

The Science of Love
Scientific Data Informs Love in the Information Age

By Shana Ting Lipton
(Bright magazine)
pre-Dutch translation

Classic literature like William Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream," has portrayed love as a dreamy, elusive, mysterious and intoxicating force. In the eternal quest to figure out what draws two people together, such words seem apropos in describing that 'x factor.' But, romance and sexual attraction in the Information Age may more closely resemble the singles-centric, caste-pegged science fiction society of Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World."